Sources · Tirzepatide

Full citation list — every figure on this site traces here

Peer-reviewed publications, with DOIs and PubMed URLs.

Peer-reviewed sources

Tirzepatide references — see the full indexed list below. Every quantitative claim on this site is cited to one of these sources.

  1. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515.
  2. Sattar N, et al. Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):591-598.
  3. Mahar MU, et al. The Effects of Tirzepatide on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2024.
  4. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023.
  5. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018;18:3-14.
  6. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216.
  7. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532.
  8. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025.
  9. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024.
  10. Nicholls SJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025.
  11. Dahl D, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-5). Lancet. 2021.
  12. Thomas MK, et al. Tirzepatide as Monotherapy Improved Markers of Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1). J Endocr Soc. 2023;7(6):bvad056.
  13. Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024.